Brake Modulation
Summary Brake modulation is the rider’s ability to make small, predictable changes in braking force after the pads contact the braking surface. Good modulation allows a rider to…
Velopedia Entries
An evolving encyclopedia of cycling brands, technologies, components, and history.
Mechanical Disc Brake
Summary A mechanical disc brake is a bicycle braking system in which a hand lever pulls a steel inner cable, operating a caliper that presses brake pads against…
Hydraulic Disc Brake
Summary A hydraulic disc brake uses a low-compressibility fluid to transmit pressure from a handlebar-mounted master cylinder to pistons in a wheel-mounted caliper. The pistons press brake pads…
Evolution of Disc Brakes
Summary Bicycle disc brakes use a hub-mounted rotor and frame- or fork-mounted caliper to create braking torque independently of the wheel rim. Commercial bicycle systems existed by the…
Shimano EP600
Summary Shimano EP600, marketed as EP6, is a mid-drive e-bike motor positioned below the EP801. It delivers the same 85 Nm maximum torque as EP801 but uses an…
Shimano EP800
Summary Shimano EP800, commonly called EP8, is a mid-drive e-bike motor introduced in 2020 for performance e-MTBs. It increased maximum torque to 85 Nm while reducing drive-unit weight…
Shimano EP801
Summary Shimano EP801 is the second-generation EP8 mid-drive motor introduced as the successor to EP800. Designed primarily for performance e-MTBs, it produces up to 85 Nm of torque…
Idler Pulley
Summary An idler pulley is a passive drivetrain component that redirects a bicycle chain without changing the selected gear ratio. On high-pivot full-suspension bikes, an upper idler routes…
High Pivot Suspension
Summary High-pivot suspension describes a rear-suspension design whose fixed main pivot or moving instant center sits substantially higher than on a conventional layout. This generally produces a stronger…
Axle Path
Summary Axle path is the trajectory followed by a bicycle’s rear axle as the rear suspension moves through its travel. Its shape affects rear-center length, dynamic weight distribution,…
Brose Drive S Mag
Summary The Brose Drive S Mag is a performance-oriented mid-drive e-bike motor introduced in 2018. Developed primarily for e-MTB use, it combines 90 Nm of maximum torque, a…
Brose
Summary Brose is a German automotive and mechatronics company that operated a major e-bike drive-system business from 2014 to 2025. Its mid-drive motors became known for an internal…