Torque Sensor
Summary A torque sensor measures twisting force within an e-bike’s pedal or drivetrain system. The controller combines this signal with cadence, speed, assist-mode, and system data to determine…
Velopedia Entries
An evolving encyclopedia of cycling brands, technologies, components, and history.
Prepreg Carbon
Summary Prepreg carbon is carbon-fiber reinforcement supplied with a controlled amount of resin already incorporated into it. It is the principal intermediate material used for many molded carbon…
Layup Schedule
Summary A layup schedule is the manufacturing plan that defines the material, shape, orientation, position, and stacking order of every reinforcement layer in a composite component. In carbon…
Bladder Molding
Summary Bladder molding is a composite manufacturing process used to produce hollow carbon-fiber structures. Prepreg carbon is placed in a rigid mold, while an inflatable internal bladder applies…
Resin Transfer Molding (RTM)
Summary Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) is a composite manufacturing process in which liquid resin is injected into a closed mold containing dry fiber reinforcement. It can produce complex…
Universal Derailleur Hanger (UDH)
Summary The Universal Derailleur Hanger (UDH) is a standardized frame and hanger interface introduced by SRAM in 2019. It gives compatible bikes a widely available replacement hanger and…
I-Spec
Summary I-Spec is Shimano’s family of integrated handlebar mounts for attaching a compatible shifter or electronic switch to a brake lever assembly. It removes the shifter’s separate handlebar…
Boost Spacing
Summary Boost is a mountain-bike hub-spacing standard that uses 110 mm front and 148 mm rear hub widths with thru-axles. The additional width gives hub designers more room…
Direct Mount Chainring
Summary A direct-mount chainring attaches to a dedicated interface on the crank without using a separate bolt-on spider and conventional bolt-circle pattern. The design can reduce parts, accommodate…
Narrow-Wide Chainring
Summary A narrow-wide chainring uses alternating tooth widths that correspond to the alternating inner and outer links of a bicycle chain. The closer fit limits sideways chain movement…
Hyperglide
Summary Hyperglide is Shimano’s cassette-tooth and shift-ramp technology for controlled indexed shifting. Its shaped teeth and strategically positioned ramps guide the chain between sprockets instead of relying entirely…
Hyperglide+
Summary Hyperglide+ is Shimano’s drivetrain technology for faster, smoother shifting while the rider continues pedaling. It combines specifically shaped cassette teeth and shift ramps with a matching directional…